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N+1 queries

The N+1 problem occurs when a GraphQL server resolves a list field and issues one follow-up query per item, resulting in N+1 backend calls.

Symptoms

  • Latency grows linearly with list size
  • Sudden spikes in database or downstream service load
  • Repeated queries with different IDs

Why it matters

N+1 leads to unpredictable performance and makes it hard to set safe defaults.

Practices that address this

Patterns that address this